SGS - Polymers

Polymers of Spatial Globular Structure

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Introduction :

Polymers of Spatial Globular Structure are highly porous materials, which are used as
  • Ion Exchangers,
  • Sorbents,
  • Filters,
  • Ultrafilters and
  • Demulsifiers .
    • Investigated applications are
  • Purification of drinking water,
  • Water softening,
  • Purification of radioactive contaminated water,
  • Purification of wastewater from hydrometallurgy.
    • The regular porous structure is responsible for their high permeability of fluids and gases and good properties for filtration as well as their good capability to hold back dispersed systems with low lost of pressure.
    Through different functional groups one can (simultaneously) establish ion exchanging, komplexing, reducing or coalescing capacities.
    The large inner surface is responsible for their high chemical activity and sorption capacity . The SGS-polymers are easy to be cut, milled or grind and can be used as cartridges for filtering processes.

    Contents
  • Advantage of SGS-polymers compared with normal ion exchangers and adsorbents
  • Structure and properties
  • Action principle - high effectiveness at high flow rates
  • Main types and their applications (HTML3 table)
  • Application - Wastefree water softening
  • Application - Purification of radioactive contaminated water
  • Application - Purification of drinking water
  • Application - Purification of waste water containing Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd, Hg, As as aqueos solutions
  • Application - Purification of waste water containing aqueous solutions of dissolved and emulsified organics
  • Application - Removal of arsenic from solutions of sulfuric acid productions
  • Wastewater Pages
  • Literature
  • Contact

    • If you have any questions, problems, annotations, hints, critics please E-Mail me.

    Polymer-Bild Polymer-Bild Polymer-Bild

    Advantage of SGS-polymers compared with normal ion exchangers and adsorbents

    The indisputable main advantage of the SGS-polymers is their very high applicable flow rate of
    800 - 3000 specific volums per hour. (A cartridge with a volume of 1 litre has a throughput up to 3000 litres water per hour.) Therefore they are ~100 times more efficient than conventional granular resins.

    Especially for waste water treatment, a "super effect" is reached. Ion exchanging, adsorbing, filtrational and coalescent effects are working together simultaneously.

    As it is usually done with granular ion exchanger, different base materials can be used in the production process of the SGS-polymers. Different selectivities can be reached in this way. At the same time it is also possible to give them different forms, like plates, cylinders, bars. Furthermore their shape can easily be changed mechanically to fit the final application.

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    Structure and Properties

    SGS-polymers (ger. RGS, russ. PGS) were originally used for waste water treatment in nonferrous metal industries. The great variety of different types of SGS-polymers opened new fields of application.

    The desired structure is achieved by polymerisation or polycondensation of a initially homogeneous mixture of certain substances (e.g., styrene, vinyl pyridine, methyl methacrylate, phenoles, amines, melamine, epoxides). Special physico-chemical and and colloidal-chemical conditions have to be established.

    According to the synthetical conditions different polymer types can be achieved. They consist of microglobules of certain size and defined package density. Those microglobules are connected to each other at the point of contact.

    SEM picture type 8

    The chemical structure of some of the polymers is drawn here. All other types are in the HTML3 table.

    Properties and parameters of the SGS-polymers:

    Size of microglobules : 0.03-15 micrometer
    Pore size : 0.01-20 micrometer
    Pore size deflection : 10 %
    Range of porosity : 35-90 %
    Inner area : 150 m^2/g
    Content of functional groups : 2 - 14 mval/g
    Tensile strength: 2000 N/cm^2
    Crushing strength : 3000 N/cm^2
    Possible flow rate : 800-3000 specific volumes /h
    Forms : sheets, pipes, cores, blocks (if necessary SGS-filters can be reinforced by cloth, metallic or plastic frames)
    Cartridge size: 30 ml - 30 l
    Costs : in area of modern polymers, about 30-80 $/kg [1],[6]

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    Action principle - high effectiveness at high flow rates

    This principle is established in the structure of the SGS-polymers. Carriers of the ionogen groups are very small, discrete, globular particles, with a size of 0.03 - 15 micrometer. All exchanger groups are at the surface.

    At conventional granular resins ion exchange happens via diffusion of the solution into the depth of the polymer body ( gel kinetic ). The velocity of exchange is limited.

    Comparison of break through curves at flow rates of 600 spec.Vol./h.

    Comparison granulatet material - SGS material

    Note : The contact time (8-10 seconds) for the granular material is too short. It can realize only the 10. part of its exchange capacity.
    The SGS-polymers works with high effectiveness at high flow rates (The curve is corresponding to the curve of the granular material at 3-5 spec.Vol./h.).

    In case of SGS-polymers the ion exchange is effective only, when the solution in the micropores is renewed very fast ( layer kinetic ). With the increase of the flow rate, the diffusion layer at the surface of the microglobules is decreasing and the exchange rate is increasing.

    See illustration at Purification of radioactive contaminated water.

    Therefore the SGS-polymers open completely new fields for the ion exchange technology and sorption processes. Small systems can handle extensive volumina of water in order to extract valuable contents or to very effectively clean the water from dissolved heavy metals or organics. [7]

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    Literature

    [1] Ljubman N. Ja., Imangazieva G. K., Uskov A. I., New polymer and ion-exchange filtering materials for the purification of technical solutions and waste waters, (russ.) Cvet. metallurgija, 1981, 9, 36-39

    [2] Ljubman N. Ja., Imangazieva G.K. , Sintez vysokopronicaemych polimernych filtrujuscich izdelij prostranstvennoj globuljarnoj struktury. ; Trudy n.-i. i proektn. in-ta po obogasc. rud cvetn. met. "KAZMECHANOBR". Alma-Ata, 1980, No. 23

    [3] N. Ja. Ljubman, G.K. Imangazieva, T.C. Sydykova, Polymer and ionexchanging filtration elements for purification from waste and circulating water, Scientific reports "KAZMECHANOBR", p.5-12, Alma-Ata 1986

    [4] Ljubman N. Ja., Imangazieva G. K., Cistjakova O. N., Pustotina T. M. , Water softening using ion-exchang filter material, (russ.) Zurnal prikladn. chim., 8, 1740-1746 (1987)

    [5] B.Gorski, Nguyen Za Hung, N. Ya. Ljubman, Use of spatial-globular polymer sorbents to separate radioactive contaminants from water, Isotopenpraxis, Environ. Health Stud., 1993 Vol. 29, pp 275-282

    [6] Polymer filtering and ionexchanging materials, synthesis, properties, applications ; licence documentation "KAZMECHANOBR", Alma-Ata 1989

    [7] Purification of solutions from organic wastes with polymer filtration elements; Scientific reports "KAZMECHANOBR", 1982, p.59-64

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